Exploring the Effects of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species on Buffalo Sperm Quality: A Comprehensive Review

Buffalo reproduction plays a vital role in the livestock industry, where sperm quality is a critical determinant of successful fertilization and overall fertility. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key regulators of various physiological processes, including sperm function. However, their dual role in modulating sperm quality is complex, as both excessive and insufficient levels can lead to detrimental effects. This review explores the intricate balance between NO, ROS and sperm quality in buffalo, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions. NO is a signaling molecule involved in the regulation of sperm motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction, but its overproduction can result in nitrosative stress, impairing sperm function. Similarly, ROS, at physiological levels, are essential for sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, yet an imbalance towards oxidative stress can lead to lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and reduced sperm viability. This review also delves into the role of exogenous NO donors, such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP), in modulating NO and ROS levels, and their consequent impact on sperm quality. The dual effects of NO and ROS on buffalo sperm highlight the importance of maintaining an optimal redox balance to preserve sperm integrity and functionality. In conclusion, understanding the molecular pathways through which NO and ROS influence sperm quality is crucial for developing targeted strategies to enhance reproductive outcomes in buffalo. Future research should focus on identifying biomarkers of oxidative stress and evaluating the potential of antioxidant therapies to mitigate the adverse effects of NO and ROS, ultimately improving buffalo fertility.